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166 CHAPTER 4 DRAWING Once you have a shadow shape selected, you can fill it with black (which will look fuzzy gray, not black, because of the layer transparency). But for a little more realism, try filling it using the Gradient tool. Make the shadow start out black close to the box, but make it lighter when farther away. Experiment with different shadow shapes, and with starting the gradient at different places to see the different types of shadows you can generate. Your tree is planted (Figure 4-47)! You re now an expert GIMP artist. Figure 4-47. The final tree in a planter Summary Now you know how to draw on layers, and have an idea when to make a new layer. You can draw lines, curves, and shapes such as rectangles and circles, and you can outline them or fill them. You ve seen the various types of brushes GIMP offers, and how to use them with each of GIMP s painting tools. Finally, you ve learned techniques of drawing, shading, filling with patterns, and using the Perspective Transform tool to model real-world objects. You can use these techniques to draw just about anything you can think of. Just use a little patience, and a lot of layers. Armed with this knowledge, it s time to go back to looking at photographs and learning how to select specific pieces so that you can use them in your own projects.
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CHAPTER 4 DRAWING 165 Figure 4-46. Adding some grass and mulch Finally, try adding a shadow. There are fancy ways of drawing shadows based on the shapes already in the image (you can use the Rotate and Perspective tools), but even adding a rough shadow drawn with the Free Select tool will make most images look more three-dimensional. Start by making a new layer, named shadow. Put it above the background, but below all the other layers. Give the layer some transparency, maybe about 50-70%, and set the foreground color to black. Now choose the Free Select tool and turn on feathering. Shadows always have fuzzy edges, but you ll have to guess how fuzzy. Try to eyeball where the shadow should be (it may help to put a real physical box on the table in front of you and see where its shadow falls). Then use the Free Select tool to drag out the shape of the shadow.
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164 CHAPTER 4 DRAWING Plant the Tree Finally, it s time to paste the tree into the box! In your tree image with the background layer made invisible, Edit . Copy Visible will copy all visible layers. Then paste into the box image, and click New to make it a new layer. Put it inside the box: use the arrow buttons to move the layer down until it s above (in front of) the box s back and box s left side, but below (behind) the box s front and box s right side (Figure 4-45). Or just drag the layer s line to the right place in the stack. Figure 4-45. Tree planted in box Final Touch-Ups You can stop here, if you like. But you can make the drawing look a little more realistic by adding some dirt or moss around the base of the tree. Make a new layer just above the tree layer, with opacity at maybe 50% or so. Choose a dark green or brown color, and try scribbling some grass or mulch in the layer. You might also try adding some black (Figure 4-46).
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CHAPTER 4 DRAWING 163 Figure 4-44. Box image after increasing Canvas Size The problem now is that the top-half of the image is blank. That s because the white background layer is still the smaller size. To fix this, right-click on the background layer in the Layers dialog and choose Layer to Image Size. This resizes the background layer to fill the image. If the background layer has no transparency, you re done: the layer will fill with the background color (white) and you re good to go. If the background layer has transparency, you ll need to Fill with BG Color. Which brings us back to that Resize Layers menu in the Canvas Size dialog. (GIMP 2.2 and earlier didn t have Resize Layers.) When you adjust Canvas Size, GIMP can automatically resize Image-sized layers (all layers that are as large as the old image size), All visible layers, All linked layers (any layer where you ve clicked the chain link icon in the Layers dialog), or All Layers. If you only need to resize one background layer, you may not need this option; but if you have multiple layers that need to be resized along with the image, this menu can be quite helpful.
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162 CHAPTER 4 DRAWING Solving that is easy but it requires a few steps. First figure out how much space you need. You can use the Measure tool, or just combine the sizes of the two images. Too big is not a problem: you can always crop later. Now resize the box image to be larger, using Image . Canvas Size… This dialog s elements should look familiar to you now. It has a chain link icon, which you can click to unlink width and height if you want to increase just one or the other (as in this case). Go ahead and type in your new size now (or use the increase arrow for a long time). Then hit Tab or click in another text field to tell GIMP you re finished typing in the sizes. Now you see something like Figure 4-43. There s a preview below the Offset fields, showing the new size of the image. It also shows the current location of the existing layers in the new, larger image. You can drag the image thumbnail around in this box. Figure 4-43. Changing the box image s size with Canvas Size In this case, the goal is to get more space on top of the box, so drag the box thumbnail down to the bottom of the preview area. You can also type the offset of the layers directly in the Offset fields, but dragging the thumbnail around is usually easier. If you re using GIMP 2.4, below the preview is Resize Layers, to specify which layers should be resized along with the image. Leave that at the default setting, None, for now; you ll see in a moment what it does. Click Resize to get your new larger image (Figure 4-44).
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CHAPTER 4 DRAWING 161 Figure 4-42. The box after shading Preparing the Planter Box Finally, it s time to combine the two images and plant the tree in its planter box. If you drew the box the right size for the tree, good for you! If not, no problem: use Scale to make them the right size. Tip Make sure you re viewing both images at the same magnification setting. Should you paste the box into the tree image, or the tree into the box image? In order for the tree to go into the box, it has to be behind the front of the box, but in front of the back of the box, so the box needs to stay as multiple layers. The tree, however, can be pasted all as one layer. So it s easier to copy the whole tree using Edit . Copy Visible in the tree image, then paste it into the box image, than it is to paste all those box layers one by one into the tree image. Wait! Before you use Copy Visible, turn off the white background of the tree image. You want to paste a tree with a transparent background. Now aren t you glad you made a new layer when you started the trunk, instead of drawing it on the white background? (In Chapter 5 you ll learn how to remove objects from their backgrounds, but it s a lot more work.) Increasing Canvas Size You ve turned off the background and copied the tree. But there s one more problem to solve before you can paste: there isn t enough room in the box image for that tall tree!
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160 CHAPTER 4 DRAWING Your tree had the shadow on the right side of the trunk. If the box will be in the same image, it needs to match that. You need to leave the front of the box bright, but darken the left and right sides since they are both in the shade. You already know how to make something darker using Brightness-Contrast, Levels, or Curves from Chapter 2. These operations work on one layer at a time, so it s easy to adjust each part of the box individually. Select the layer for the box s right side, and then bring up your favorite brightness tool. (Which one you choose isn t important. You won t be making any subtle changes here, just general brightness.) I ll use the simplest one, Layer . Colors . Brightness-Contrast. Then make that layer darker (Figure 4-41). Figure 4-41. Making the right side darker Now darken the left side as well. You don t have to darken it exactly the same amount as you did the right side: with a real box, the darkness of the two sides would depend on the color of the table it s sitting on and the color of whatever s inside it. (Really! Try it with a real box and prove it to yourself.) You ll probably want to make the back a little darker than the front, too, if only to keep it from blending into the box front where the two layers meet. But play around with the four colors until it looks like a box to you (Figure 4-42).
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CHAPTER 4 DRAWING 159 Figure 4-39. Selecting the back side of the box. It s ready to be filled. It s not important whether the bottom of the selection matches anything: the bottom will be hidden by the front side of the box, so no one will ever see it. You could hide anything you want at the bottom of your box, and no one would ever know except other GIMP users who look at your XCF. You have all four sides of your box (Figure 4-40)! But it still doesn t look right, does it? The problem is lighting. A real box will have some sides brighter, others darker, depending on where the light is. Figure 4-40. All four sides of the box
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156 CHAPTER 4 DRAWING Figure 4-36. Dragging the second grab handle For a box like this, you want the far grab handles directly on top of each other: the line between them should be straight up and down, and should contain no jaggies. However, the diagonal lines the top and bottom of the box as they recede will not look right if they re parallel: they should be closer together at the far end, just as the sides of a railroad track look closer together where the track is further away. (See Chapter 9 for a detailed discussion of perspective drawing.) When you re happy with the perspective, click Transform in the dialog. You may find that it doesn t look quite as good after you ve clicked Transform as when you were previewing. If so, just undo and try again. The next step is to make the left side of the box, pretty much the same way as you made the right side. Start by copying the box front. Crop the layer if necessary, then use perspective transform. Bonus! On the left side you don t need to move the layer, because the left side of the box left layer should touch the left side of the box front. That will happen automatically as soon as you copy the layer.
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CHAPTER 4 DRAWING 155 Use the Move tool to move the box right side layer over to the right, so that its left side touches the right side of the box front layer. It s not critical that they line up exactly; just get them close. Now select the Perspective Transform tool and click somewhere near the upper right of the box s right layer (Figure 4-35). Drag to where you think the far top-right corner of the box will be. Meanwhile, the Perspective Transform Information dialog pops up, giving you a bunch of data you probably don t need, as well as buttons for Help, Reset, Cancel, and Transform. The last button is the one that will actually save the operation once you re happy with it. Figure 4-35. Beginning a perspective transformation The Perspective Transform tool has roughly the same options as the Rotate tool you already used in Chapter 2. Most important, you can preview the actual Image, Grid, Image+Grid, or Outline. Notice that the Perspective Transform tool gives you boxes at each of the four corners of the layer. These are grab handles. When you clicked near the upper-right corner of the layer, GIMP assumed you wanted that grab handle, so that s the one that was dragged along with your mouse. (The blue dot shows you where the center of the layer will end up. It won t necessarily be blue; the GIMP will show it in a color that contrasts with the color already there.) Now click near the lower-right corner s grab handle, and drag that up until it looks like it s in about the right place for the box side (Figure 4-36).
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